http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117_recoloured_2.svg

Colosseum

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_II.jpg

Amphitheaters around the Empire

Pause for Themes, Terms and Questions

• What is Digital Humanities?
• ~“The use of computers to analyze and present digital represenatations of human activity.”??
• George Box: “Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful.”
• Big Data?
• For this evening: Visualization, Network Analysis, and the Open-Source Tools that support these approaches.
• And data sharing. http://github.com/sfsheath/roman-amphitheaters & http://github.com/sfsheath/cawd
• I am also sharing this presenatation itself. http://sebastianheath.com/cawd/inst/rmarkdown/bigslow.html (source ) ## Many sizes

Media Rich (Google)

Assisi in Italy (Maximum dimension not known?)

Media Rich (Google)

Carsulae in Italy

Gladiators, Beast Hunts and Executions

The Zliten (Libya) Mosaic

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Bestiarii.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Circus_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/1024px-Circus_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG

Many sizes… but not all shapes

Spatial History

R. White. What is Spatial History? Spatial History Lab: Working paper; Submitted 1 February 2010;

Paragraph 36 (emphasis author): “One of the important points that I want to make about visualizations, spatial relations, and spatial history is something that I did not fully understand until I started doing this work and which I have had a hard time communicating fully to my colleagues: visualization and spatial history are not about producing illustrations or maps to communicate things that you have discovered by other means. It is a means of doing research; it generates questions that might otherwise go unasked, it reveals historical relations that might otherwise go unnoticed, and it undermines, or substantiates, stories upon which we build our own versions of the past.”

“Media Rich” (Nimes)

“Media Rich” (Nimes)

“Media Rich” (Trier)

Public Information

http://www.maumburyrings.co.uk or “Peak Amphitheater”

How many amphitheater seats were there?

ramphs$imputed.capacity <- NA
ramphs$imputed.capacity[!(is.na(ramphs$capacity))] <- ramphs[!(is.na(ramphs$capacity)),]$capacity

lm.imp.1 <- lm ( capacity ~ latitude +
                   ext.major + ext.minor + arena.major +
                   arena.minor + arena.major:ext.minor + arena.minor * ext.minor,
                data=ramphs )

pred.1 <- predict (lm.imp.1, ramphs)
ramphs$imputed.capacity <- ifelse (is.na(ramphs$capacity), pred.1, ramphs$capacity)

lm(capacity ~ ext.major, ramphs[(ramphs$ext.major < 120) & (ramphs$ext.major > 50),]) -> lm.ext.major
ramphs$imputed.capacity[(!is.na(ramphs$ext.major)) & (is.na(ramphs$imputed.capacity))] <- ramphs$ext.major[(!is.na(ramphs$ext.major)) & (is.na(ramphs$imputed.capacity))] * lm.ext.major$coefficients[2]

length(ramphs$imputed.capacity[is.na(ramphs$imputed.capacity)])

## [1] 78

ramphs$imputed.capacity[is.na(ramphs$imputed.capacity)] <- 5000

sum(ramphs$imputed.capacity)

## [1] 2434835

With many thanks to Katie Anderson of NYU Libaries Data Services who is in no way responsible for my (mis?)use of her work.

Where are the amphitheaters seats?

Calculating Distances

Who should know how to do this?

#generate distances of all amphitheaters to all other amphitheaters
ramphs.dists <- spDists(ramphs.sp,ramphs.sp,longlat = TRUE)

# but let's use names
colnames(ramphs.dists) <- ramphs$id
rownames(ramphs.dists) <- ramphs$id

# Would be nice to have a d.f in the form from,to,km
as.data.frame(ramphs.dists) -> ramphs.dists.df

#add column of names, in anticipation of using gather()
cbind(from = ramphs$id,ramphs.dists.df) -> ramphs.dists.df

gather(ramphs.dists.df, to, km, 2:dim(ramphs.dists.df)[2]) -> ramphs.dists.df

# data now in nice columns but...
# we still have the 0Km rows.
#set phasers to kill...
ramphs.dists.df[ramphs.dists.df$km > 0,] -> ramphs.dists.df

The Data

Amphitheaters Closer <= 80 Km.

As a Network

Degree

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   1.000   1.000   3.000   6.814  11.000  23.000

High Degree

# print the top quartile
V(close.amphitheaters.nw)[degree >= summary(V(close.amphitheaters.nw)$degree/2)[5]]

## Vertex sequence:
##  [1] "ludusMagnusArena"                 "romeFlavianAmphitheater"         
##  [3] "romeAmphitheatrumCastrense"       "pompeiiAmphitheater"             
##  [5] "cumaeAmphitheater"                "pozzuoliFlavianAmphitheater"     
##  [7] "pozzuoliEarlyAmphitheater"        "carthageAmphitheater"            
##  [9] "hadrianVillaAmphitheater"         "paestumAmphitheater"             
## [11] "casinumAmphitheater"              "luceriaNoukeriaAmphitheater"     
## [13] "avellaAmphitheater"               "oudnaAmphitheater"               
## [15] "carsulaeAmphitheater"             "ocriculumAmphitheater"           
## [17] "arezzoAmphitheater"               "larinumAmphitheater"             
## [19] "lucusFeroniaeAmphitheater"        "allifaeAmphitheater"             
## [21] "hispellumAmphitheatre"            "albaFucensAmphitheater"          
## [23] "sutriumAmphitheatre"              "tiburAmphitheater"               
## [25] "telesiaAmphitheatre"              "urbisagliaAmphitheater"          
## [27] "assisiAmphitheatre"               "mactarisAmphitheater"            
## [29] "thysdrusSmallAmphitheater"        "thysdrusAmphitheater"            
## [31] "leptiminusAmphitheater"           "bararusAmphitheater"             
## [33] "castraAlbanaAmphitheater"         "sanBenedettoDeiMarsiAmphitheater"
## [35] "monteleoneAmphitheater"           "bolsenaAmphitheater"             
## [37] "ascoliPicenoAmphitheater"         "beneventoAmphitheater"           
## [39] "calviRisortaAmphitheater"         "sanVittorinoAmphitheater"        
## [41] "capuaRepublicanAmphitheater"      "capuaImperialAmphitheater"       
## [43] "liternoAmphitheater"              "noleAmphitheater"                
## [45] "noceraSuperioreAmphitheater"      "aquinoAmphitheater"              
## [47] "seressiAmphitheater"              "chemtouAmphitheater"             
## [49] "bekaltaAmphitheater"              "sidiBouArkoubAmphitheater"       
## [51] "genzanoPrivateAmphitheater"       "ainHedjahAmphitheater"           
## [53] "uticaAmphitheater"                "tebourbaAmphitheater"            
## [55] "hencherElKasbatAmphitheater"      "hencherZembraAmphitheater"       
## [57] "botriaAmphitheater"               "bullaRegiaAmphitheater"          
## [59] "pupputAmphitheater"               "siccaVeneriaAmphitheater"        
## [61] "thibariAmphitheater"              "portusOvalStructure"             
## [63] "statiliusTaurusAmphitheater"      "carpisAmphitheater"              
## [65] "faleriiNoviAmphitheater"          "teramoAmphitheater"              
## [67] "ordonaAmphitheater"               "bevanaAmphitheater"              
## [69] "minturnaeAmphitheater"            "sinuessaAmphitheater"

Mapping Degree

Plotting Degree

Distance to Road

Counting Seats Near Roads

Seats Near “Major” Cities

… and Riots

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Pompeian_mural_depicting_the_Amphitheatre_riots.jpg

Eye Candy